CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Psychology ..............................................................1
History and Origin of Psychology ......................................................................................... 1
Definition of Psychology ....................................................................................................... 2
Nature of Psychology ............................................................................................................ 3
Scope and Fields of Psychology ............................................................................................ 4
Methods of Psychology ......................................................................................................... 6
Relevance or Importance of Psychology in Nursing ........................................................... 10
CHAPTER 2 Biology of Behaviour .....................................................................15
Heredity and Environment or Nature and Nurture .............................................................. 17
Chromosomal Abnormalities ............................................................................................... 19
Environment ........................................................................................................................ 22
Neuron and Its Behaviour .................................................................................................... 22
Brain and Behaviour ............................................................................................................ 24
Cerebrum and Behaviour ..................................................................................................... 26
Association Cortex .............................................................................................................. 29
Glands and Their Behaviour ................................................................................................ 29
Sensation and Its Behaviour ................................................................................................ 30
Hearing Impairments ........................................................................................................... 34
Gestation and Olfaction ....................................................................................................... 34
Somaesthetic Senses ............................................................................................................ 35
CHAPTER 3 Attention and Perception ...............................................................40
Definition of Attention ........................................................................................................ 40
Characteristics of Attention ................................................................................................. 41
Factors of Attention ............................................................................................................. 41
Types of Attention ............................................................................................................... 43
Division of Attention ........................................................................................................... 43
Span of Attention ................................................................................................................. 43
Attention Disorder ............................................................................................................... 44
Implication of Attention in Nursing .................................................................................... 44
Definition of Perception ...................................................................................................... 44
Characteristics of Perception ............................................................................................... 45
Principles of Perception....................................................................................................... 45
Errors in Perception ............................................................................................................. 46
Extrasensory Perception ...................................................................................................... 47
Factors Influencing Perception ............................................................................................ 48
CHAPTER 4 Memory and Forgetting .................................................................52
Forgetting ............................................................................................................................ 58
Other Factors Influencing Memory ..................................................................................... 60
Memory Impairment or Memory Disorder ......................................................................... 61
CHAPTER 5 Thinking, Reasoning and Problem Solving .....................................65
Thinking .............................................................................................................................. 65
Reasoning ............................................................................................................................ 68
Problem Solving .................................................................................................................. 69
Abnormality in Thinking ..................................................................................................... 70
CHAPTER 6 Intelligence and Aptitude ..............................................................74
Intelligence .......................................................................................................................... 74
Nature of Intelligence .......................................................................................................... 75
Types of Intelligence ........................................................................................................... 75
Theories of Intelligence ....................................................................................................... 76
Assessment of Intelligence .................................................................................................. 80
Measurement of Intelligence ............................................................................................... 81
Causes for Mental Retardation ............................................................................................ 82
Giftedness ............................................................................................................................ 83
Aptitude ............................................................................................................................... 84
Classification of Aptitude .................................................................................................... 84
Assessment of Aptitude ....................................................................................................... 85
Uses of Aptitude Tests ......................................................................................................... 87
CHAPTER 7 Learning ......................................................................................91
Meaning and Definition ....................................................................................................... 91
Types of Learning ................................................................................................................ 92
Theories of Learning ........................................................................................................... 93
Factors Influencing Learning ............................................................................................... 99
Transfer of Learning .......................................................................................................... 101
CHAPTER 8 Motivation, Mental Conflict and Frustration ..................................106
Definition of Motivation .................................................................................................... 107
Nature of Motive ............................................................................................................... 107
Needs and Drives ............................................................................................................... 107
Types of Motivation ........................................................................................................... 108
Theories of Motivation ...................................................................................................... 112
Mental Conflict of Motives ............................................................................................... 114
Types of Mental Conflict ................................................................................................... 114
Frustration ......................................................................................................................... 116
Sources of Frustration ....................................................................................................... 117
How to Resolve Mental Conflict and Frustration .............................................................. 117
CHAPTER 9 Emotion and Stress .....................................................................121
Definition of Emotion ........................................................................................................ 122
Nature of Emotion ............................................................................................................. 122
Types of Emotion .............................................................................................................. 123
Emotion and Physiological Changes ................................................................................. 124
Technique of Controlling Emotions .................................................................................. 125
Theories of Emotion .......................................................................................................... 126
Emotion and Health ........................................................................................................... 128
Stress ................................................................................................................................ 128
Stress Cycle and Stressors ................................................................................................. 128
Effects of Stress on Health and Illness .............................................................................. 129
Coping With Stress ............................................................................................................ 130
Alteration of Emotion ........................................................................................................ 131
Psychometric Assessment of Emotion .............................................................................. 131
CHAPTER 10 Attitude ......................................................................................135
ABC Model of Attitude ..................................................................................................... 136
Factors Influencing Attitude Formation............................................................................. 137
How to Change Attitudes .................................................................................................. 137
Psychometric Assessment of Attitude ............................................................................... 138
Implication of Attitude in Nurses ...................................................................................... 138
CHAPTER 11 Personality .................................................................................141
Definitions of Personality .................................................................................................. 142
Characteristics of Personality ............................................................................................ 142
Theories of Personality or Approaches to Study Personality ............................................ 143
Determinants of Personality .............................................................................................. 150
Psychometric Assessment of Personality .......................................................................... 151
Projective Tests .................................................................................................................. 152
Personality Disorders or Alterations in Personality .......................................................... 153
Implication of Personality in Nurses ................................................................................. 155
CHAPTER 12 Developmental Psychology and Psychology of Vulnerable Individual ..............................................................158
Historical Background of Human Development Study ..................................................... 158
Psychology of People at Different Ages From Infancy to Old Age .................................. 159
Theories of Human Development ..................................................................................... 165
Factors Influencing on Human Development .................................................................... 172
Psychology of Vulnerable Individual ................................................................................ 172
Psychology of Group ......................................................................................................... 174
Groupthink ........................................................................................................................ 174
Prejudice and Stereotype ................................................................................................... 174
CHAPTER 13 Mental Health and Hygiene .........................................................177
Characteristics of a Mentally Healthy Person ................................................................... 178
Mental Hygiene ................................................................................................................. 178
Mental Hygiene Movement ............................................................................................... 180
Mental Illness .................................................................................................................... 180
Ego Defence Mechanism or Adjustment Mechanism ....................................................... 181
Classification of Mental Disorders .................................................................................... 183
National Mental Health Programme in India .................................................................... 184
Prevention of Mental Health ............................................................................................. 187
Guidance and Counselling................................................................................................. 188
CHAPTER 14 Psychological Assessment ..........................................................194
What Is a Psychological Test? ........................................................................................... 194
Characteristics of a Good Psychological Test ................................................................... 194
Classification of Psychological Tests or Types of Psychometric Assessment ................... 195
Importance of Psychological Assessment in Nursing ....................................................... 196
Appendix .............................................................................................................................................. 199
Glossary ............................................................................................................................................... 211
Index .................................................................................................................................................... 219
